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political correctness
Political correctness (adjectivally, politically correct, commonly abbreviated to PC) is a term primarily used as a pejorative to describe language, policies, or measures which are intended not to offend or disadvantage any particular group of people in society; in pejorative usage, those who use the term are generally implying that these policies are excessive.〔〔 The term had only scattered usage before the 1990s, usually as an ironic self-description, but entered more mainstream usage in the United States when it was the subject of a series of articles in ''The New York Times''. The phrase was widely used in the debate about Allan Bloom's 1987 book ''The Closing of the American Mind'',〔〔 and gained further currency in response to Roger Kimball's ''Tenured Radicals'' (1990),〔〔〔 and conservative author Dinesh D'Souza's 1991 book ''Illiberal Education'', in which he condemned what he saw as liberal efforts to advance self-victimization, multiculturalism through language, affirmative action and changes to the content of school and university curriculums.〔〔〔
Scholars on the left have said that conservatives and right-wing libertarians pushed the term in order to divert attention from more substantive matters of discrimination and as part of a broader culture war against liberalism.〔〔〔 They have also said that conservatives have their own forms of political correctness, which are generally ignored.〔〔〔
==History==
The term "politically correct" was used infrequently in the U.S. until the latter part of the 20th century, and its earlier use did not communicate the social disapproval inherent in more recent usage. In 1793, the term "politically correct" appeared in a U.S. Supreme Court judgment of a political-lawsuit.〔In the 18th century, the term "politically correct" occurs in the case of ''Chisholm v. Georgia'', 2 U.S. (2 Dall.) 419 (1793), wherein the term meant "in line with prevailing political thought or policy". In that legal case, the term ''correct'' was applied literally, with no reference to socially offensive language; thus the comments of Associate Justice James Wilson, of the U.S. Supreme Court: "The states, rather than the People, for whose sakes the States exist, are frequently the objects which attract and arrest our principal attention... Sentiments and expressions of this inaccurate kind prevail in our common, even in our convivial, language. Is a toast asked? 'The United States', instead of the 'People of the United States', is the toast given. This is not politically correct." (Chisholm v State of GA, 2 US 419 (1793) ) ''Findlaw.com'' – Accessed 6 February 2007.〕 William Safire states that the first recorded use of the term in the modern sense is by Toni Cade in the 1970 anthology ''The Black Woman''. The term probably entered use in the United Kingdom around 1975.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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